Phenology Publications

Miller-Rushing, A.J. and D.W. Inouye. Climate change, phenology, and flower production in four subalpine wildflowers. American Journal of Botany, in press.

Primack, R.B., I. Ibanez, H. Higuchi, S.D. Lee, A.J. Miller-Rushing, A. Wilson, and J.A. Silander, Jr. Spatial and interspecific variability in phenological responses to warming temperatures. Biological Conservation, in press.

Schwartz, M. D. & J. M. Hanes, in preparation. Intercomparing multiple measures of the onset of spring. Intended for Global Change Biology.

Westerling, A. L., Betancourt, J. L., & M. D. Schwartz, in preparation. Reevaluation of the spring onset/fire association in the western U.S. using phenological vs. hydrological models.

Crimmins, T., M. Crimmins, D. Bertelsen. 2009. Flowering range changes across an elevation gradient in response to warming summer temperatures. Global Change Biology, 15: 1141-1152.

Koeller, P., C. Fuentes-Yaco, T. Platt, S. Sathyendranath, A. Richards, P. Ouellet, D. Orr, U. Skúladóttir, K. Wieland, L. Savard & M. Aschan (2009). Basin-Scale Coherence in Phenology of Shrimps and Phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean. Science: 324 (5928) pp. 791 – 793.

Morisette, J.T., A.D. Richardson, A.K. Knapp, J.I. Fisher, E.A. Graham, J. Abatzoglou, B.E. Wilson, D.D. Breshears, G.M. Henebry, J.M. Hanes, and L. Liang. 2009. Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: phenological research in the 21st century. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, e-View doi: 10.1890/070217.

Primack, R. B., H. Higuchi, A. J. Miller-Rushing. 2009. The impact of climate change on cherry trees and other species in Japan. Biological Conservation, 142: 1943-1949.

Primack, R. B. and A. J. Miller-Rushing. 2009. The role of botanical gardens in climate change research. New Phytologist, 182: 303-313.

Primack, R. B., A. J. Miller-Rushing, and K. Dharaneeswaran. 2009. Changes in the flora of Thoreau’s Concord. Biological Conservation, 142: 500–508.

Crimmins, M., T. Crimmins. 2008. Monitoring plant phenology using digital repeat photography. Environmental Management, 41: 949-958.

Crimmins, T., M. Crimmins, D. Bertelsen and J. Balmat. 2008. Relationships between alpha diversity of plant species in bloom and climatic variables across an elevation gradient. International Journal of Biometeorology 52: 353-366.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2008. Global warming and flowering times in Thoreau’s Concord: a community perspective. Ecology 89: 332–341.

Miller-Rushing, A. J., T. L. Lloyd-Evans, R. B. Primack, and P. Satzinger. 2008. Bird migration times, climate change, and declining population sizes. Global Change Biology 14: 1959–1972.

Miller-Rushing, A. J., R. B. Primack, and R. Stymeist. 2008. Interpreting changes in bird migration times as observed by volunteers. Auk 125: 565–573.

Miller-Rushing, A. J., D. W. Inouye, and R. B. Primack. 2008. How well do first flowering dates measure plant responses to climate change? The effects of population size and sampling frequency. Journal of Ecology 96: 1289–1296.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2008. Impacts of winter temperatures on two birch (Betula) species. Tree Physiology 28: 659–664.

Wallace, C.S.A and K.A. Thomas. 2008. An annual plant growth proxy in the Mojave Desert using MODIS-EVI data. Sensors 8: 7792-7808.

Willis, C. G., B. Ruhfel, R. B. Primack, A. J. Miller-Rushing, and C. C. Davis. 2008. Phylogenetic patterns of species loss in Thoreau’s woods are driven by climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105: 17029–17033.

Miller-Rushing, A. J., T. Katsuki, R. B. Primack, Y. Ishii, S. D. Lee, and H. Higuchi. 2007. Impact of global warming on a group of related species and their hybrids: cherry tree flowering at Mt. Takao, Japan. American Journal of Botany 94: 1470–1478.

Zhang, X., Tarpley, D., & J. T. Sullivan, 2007. Diverse responses of vegetation phenology to a warming climate. Geophysical Research Letters 34: L19405, 10.1029/2007GL031447

Betancourt, J.L., M.D. Schwartz, D.D. Breshears, C.A. Brewer, G. Frazer, J.E. Gross, S.J. Mazer, B.C. Reed and B.E. Wilson. 2006. Evolving Plans for the USA National Phenology Network - National Phenology Network 2nd Implementation Workshop, Milwaukee, WI, 10-12 October 2006. (Supplemental Material) EOS Trans. AGU, 88(19): 211.

Miller-Rushing, A. J., R. B. Primack, D. Primack, and S. Mukunda. 2006. Photographs and herbarium specimens as tools to document phenological changes in response to global warming. American Journal of Botany 93: 1667–1674.

Schwartz, M. D., Ahas, A., & A. Aasa, 2006. Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere. Global Change Biology 12: 343-351.

Betancourt, J.L. and M.D. Schwartz. 2005. Implementing a U.S. National Phenology Network. EOS Trans. AGU, 86(51): 539-541.

Bonfils, C., Angert, A., Henning, C. C., Biraud, S., Doney, S. C., & I. Fung. 2005. Extending the record of photosynthetic activity in the eastern United States into the presatellite period using surface diurnal temperature range. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 32, No. 8, L08405, 10.1029/2005GL022583

Wolfe, D. W., Schwartz, M. D., Lasko, A. N., Otsuki, Y., Pool, R. M., & N. J. Shaulis, 2005. Climate Change and Shifts in Spring Phenology of Three Horticultural Woody Perennials in Northeastern USA. International Journal of Biometeorology 49: 303-309.

Ledneva, A., A. J. Miller-Rushing, R. B. Primack, and C. Imbres. 2004. Climate change as reflected in a naturalist's diary, Middleborough, Massachusetts. Wilson Bulletin 116: 124–131.

Primack, D., C. Imbres, R. B. Primack, A. J. Miller-Rushing, and P. Del Tredici. 2004. Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to climate change. American Journal of Botany 91: 1260–1264.

Zhao, T., & M. D. Schwartz, 2003. Examining the Onset of Spring in Wisconsin. Climate Research 24(1): 59-70

Schwartz, M. D., & X. Chen, 2002. Examining the Onset of Spring in China. Climate Research 21(2): 157-164.

Schwartz, M. D., Reed, B. R., & M. A. White, 2002. Assessing Satellite-Derived Start-of-Season Measures in the Conterminous USA. International Journal of Climatology 22(14): 1793-1805.

Fitzjarrald, D. R., Acevedo, O. C. & K. E. Moore, 2001. Climatic consequences of leaf presence in the eastern United States. Journal of Climate 14: 598-614.

Schwartz, M. D., & T. M. Crawford, 2001. Detecting Energy-Balance Modifications at the Onset of Spring. Physical Geography 21(5): 394-409.

Schwartz, M. D., & B. E. Reiter, 2000. Changes in North American Spring. International Journal of Climatology 20(8): 929-932.

Wilson, K. B. & D. D. Baldocchi, 2000. Seasonal and interannual variability of energy fluxes over a broadleaved temperature deciduous forest in North America. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 100: 1-18.

Menzel, A. & P. Fabian, 1999. Growing season extended in Europe. Nature 397: 659.

Schwartz, M. D. 1999. Advancing to Full Bloom: Planning Phenological Research for the 21st Century. International Journal of Biometeorology 42: 113-118.

Schwartz, M. D., & B. C. Reed, 1999. Surface Phenology and Satellite Sensor-Derived Onset of Greenness: An Initial Comparison. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20(17): 3451-3457.

Schwartz, M. D. 1998. Green-wave Phenology. Nature 394 (6696): 839-840.

Schwartz, M. D., 1997. Spring Index Models: An Approach to Connecting Satellite and Surface Phenology. In Phenology of Seasonal Climates, H. Lieth and M. D. Schwartz, editors, pp. 23-38. Backhuys, Netherlands.

White, M. A., Thornton, P. E., & S. W. Running, 1997. A continental phenology model for monitoring vegetation responses to interannual climate variability. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11: 217-234.

Schwartz, M. D. 1996. Examining the Spring Discontinuity in Daily Temperature Ranges. Journal of Climate 9(4): 803-808.

Schwartz, M. D. 1994. Monitoring Global Change with Phenology: The Case of the Spring Green Wave. International Journal of Biometeorology 38(1): 18-22.

Schwartz, M. D. 1993. Assessing the Onset of Spring: A Climatological Perspective. Physical Geography 14(6): 536-550.

Schwartz, M. D. 1992. Phenology and Springtime Surface Layer Change. Monthly Weather Review 120(11): 2570-2578.

Schwartz, M. D. 1990. Detecting the Onset of Spring: A Possible Application of Phenological models. Climate Research 1(1): 23-29.

Schwartz, M. D., & T. R. Karl, 1990. Spring Phenology: Nature's Experiment to Detect the Effect of "Green-up" on Surface Maximum Temperatures. Monthly Weather Review 118(4): 883-890.

Schwartz, M. D., & G. A. Marotz, 1988. Synoptic Events and Spring Phenology. Physical Geography 9(2): 151-161.

Schwartz, M. D., & G. A. Marotz, 1986. An Approach to Examining Regional Atmosphere-Plant Interactions with Phenological Data. Journal of Biogeography 13: 551-560.

Schlarbaum, S. E. & W. T. Bagley, 1981. Intraspecific Genetic Variation of Quercus rubra L., Northern Red Oak. Silvae Genetica 30: 50-56.

Hickin, R. P. & M. T. Vittum, 1976. The Importance of Soil and Air Temperature in Spring Phenoclimatic Modeling. International Journal of Biometeorology 20: 200-206.

Hopp, R. J. 1976. Modeling Lilac Development. International Journal of Biometeorology 20: 256-260.

Caprio, J. M. 1966a. A Statistical Procedure for Determining the Association between Weather and Non-Measurement Biological Data. Agricultural Meteorology 3: 55-72.

Wang, J. Y., 1960. A critique of the heat unit approach to plant response studies. Ecology 41: 785-790.

Caprio, J. M. 1957. Phenology of Lilac Bloom in Montana. Science 126: 1344-1345.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. Archival data show biological responses to climate change in Boston. In C. Wright and T. Penna [eds.], Remaking Boston: the city and environmental change over the centuries. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, in press.

Schnelle, F. 1955. Tasks and Nature of Phenology, Chapter 1 (pp. 11-12) in Plant Phenology, Leipzig (translated into English by Mark D. Schwartz in February 2009).

Schwartz, M.D., ed. 2003. Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science. Kluwer, Netherlands, 592 pp. (View references from this book)

Caprio. J. M. 1974. The Solar Thermal Unit Concept in Problems Related to Plant Development and Potential Evapotranspiration. In Phenology and Seasonality Modeling, H. Lieth, editor, pp. 353-364. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2009. The impact of climate change on the flora of Thoreau's Concord. Arnoldia 66: 2–9.

Losleben, M. and J.F. Weltzin. February 2008. Monitoring the Pulse of our Planet - The USA-National Phenology Network: Phenology at High Elevations in the Western US. In: CIRMOUNT Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1.

McNeil, B.E., E.G. Denny, and A.D. Richardson. 2008. Coordinating a Northeast Regional Phenology Network. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 89(2): 188-190.

Weltzin, J.F. Fall 2008. The Pulse of Our Planet - Phenology and Climate Change. [High Resolution-5 MB or Low Resolution-1 MB]. In: The Wildlife Professional - Journal of The Wildlife Society.

Weltzin, J.F. and M. Losleben. August 2008. The USA National Phenology Network: A critical tool for enabling adaptive responses to climate change. In: The Network News - The LTER Newsletter.

Wingate, L., A.D. Richardson, J.F. Weltzin, K.N. Nasahara and J. Grace. May 2008. Keeping an eye on the carbon balance: linking canopy development and net ecosystem exchange using a webcam. In: FluxLetter - The Newsletter of FLUXNET, Vol.1 No.2.

Crimmins, T. 2007. Five Miles & Twenty Years Later...Dave Bertelsen's Amazing Data Set. In: Sky Island Alliance Newsletter.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2007. Global phenomenon in your back yard. Boston Globe February 4.

Primack, R. B. and A. J. Miller-Rushing. 2007. Tracking global warming in public gardens. Public Garden 22: 7–9.

Primack, R. B., A. J. Miller-Rushing, D. Primack, and S. Mukunda. 2007. Using photographs to show the effects of climate change on flowering. Arnoldia 65: 3–9.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2006. Thoreau and climate change science. Thoreau Society Bulletin 256: 6–7.

Primack, R. B. and A. J. Miller-Rushing. 2006. Local signs of a warming planet. In M. Michaels, ed. CBS4 2007 Weather Almanac. p. 28.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2005. The importance of naturalists in identifying global warming in our backyards. Bird Observer 33: 155–163.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2005. Herbarium specimens indicate climate change. Plant Talk 39: 11.

Primack, R. B. and A. J. Miller-Rushing. 2005. Blooms in Boston: clues about our climate. In M. Michaels, ed. CBS4 2006 Weather Almanac. p. 21.

American Institute of Biological Sciences. 2004. Ecological Implications of Climate Change: Report from a NEON Science Workshop, Washington, D.C., AIBS. http://ibrcs.aibs.org/reports/pdf/neon-climate-report.pdf

Miller-Rushing, A. J., D. Primack, R. B. Primack, C. Imbres, and P. Del Tredici. 2004. Herbarium specimens as a novel tool for climate change research. Arnoldia 63: 26–32.

Miller-Rushing, A. J. and R. B. Primack. 2004. Climate change and plant conservation: plant conservation strategies need to anticipate climate change. Plant Talk 35: 34–38.

Cayan, D. R., Kammerdiener, S. A., Dettinger, M. D., Caprio, J. M., & D. H. Peterson, 2001. Changes in the Onset of Spring in the Western United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82: 399-415.

Caprio, J. M. 1993a. A Collection of the Reports to Cooperators of the Phenological Survey in the Western Region of the United States and Related Phenological Information for the Period 1956-1992. Montana State University, Agricultural Experiment Station State Climate Center Circular No. 2, 380 pp. (Available from Montana State University Library, P.O. Box 173320, Bozeman, MT. 59717.)

Caprio, J. M. 1993b. Western Regional Phenological Summary of Information on Honeysuckle and Lilac First Bloom Phase Covering the Period 1956-1991. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station State Climate Center Circular No. 3, 92 pp. (Available from Montana State University Library, P.O. Box 173320, Bozeman, MT. 59717.)

Dubé, P. A., Perry, L. P. & M. T. Vittum, 1984. Instructions for phenological observations: Lilac and honeysuckle. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 692, University of Vermont, Burlington.

Caprio, J. M. 1971. The solar-thermal unit theory in relation to plant development and potential evapotranspiration. Montana State Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 251, Montana State University, Bozeman.

Caprio, J. M. 1966b. Patterns of plant development in the Western United States. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 607, Montana State University, Bozeman.

Hopp, R. J. (ed.). 1978. Phenology: an aid to agricultural technology. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 684, University of Vermont, Burlington.

Hopp, R. J. & B. O. Blair, 1973. Plant Phenology in Eastern and Central North America: I. Development of Networks and Preliminary Results. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 677, University of Vermont, Burlington.

Hopp, R. J., Blair, B. O., & R. P. Hickin, 1973. Plant Phenology in Eastern and Central North America: II. Phenological Observations on Lilac 'Red Rothomagensis'. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 678, University of Vermont, Burlington.

Schwartz, M. D. 1985. The Advance of Phenological Spring Across Eastern and Central North America, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Kansas.